Chapter 7 THE PRICIPLE AND SYMBOL OF RELAY

The Relay consists of coil and contact. Coil wire windings is who gets an electric current, medium contact is a type of switch that movement depending on the weather or not there is an electric current in the coil. There are 2 types of Contact: Normally Open (the initial conditions before enabled open) and Normally Closed (the initial conditions before being activated close). Simply put the following working principles of the relay: when Coil get electrical energy (energized), the electromagnetic force will arise which will attract the armature that is berpegas, and the contact will close. 

In addition to functioning as an electronic component, the relay also functions as a system controller. So that the relay has two kinds of symbols used on:

• circuit (hardware),

• Program (software).

The following symbols are used:

In the data sheet, coil and contact information for separate. This causes each have a different specification difference as well. Note the following table.

Chapter 6 COMMUTATOR SYSTEM

Commutator serves as switch, namely to connect coil anchor briefly. Commutator form of a ring fitted on end coil anchor.If coil anchor rotatory; then ring sides to revolve.Because coil be in magnetic field, shall arise voltage commuting between sinusoidal.If coil has rotating half round, brush will close the aperture of a ring so that voltage be zero.Because ring spinning. , Then gap will open again and arising voltage again.If period voltage same with a period gyrations ring, voltage arises voltage direct current wave full.

 

The commutator serves as a rectifier mechanical, with sawn-off form a cooperation called comutation. Rectifier that produces better, then the commutator used there are many.Therefore every segment / hemisphere commutator no longer is partly, cylindrical form but it was shaped lempeng-lempeng.Among segments each plate / commutator guiler an insulating material.An insulator used determine class of machinery based on capability of temperature that arise in the machine.So beside as an insulator against electric insulators used to be able to heat.

Chapter 5 MULTIMETER

 

Multimeter is a measuring instrument used to measure voltage electricity, an electric current, and prisoner resistance. 

It is understanding multimeter in general, while in its development multimeter can still used to some function as measures temperature, inductance, frequency, and so on.There is also one who calls multimeter as avo meters, maybe it means a ( ampères ), v ( volt ), and o ( ohm ).

• Analog Multimeter is more widely used for everyday purposes, such as servicing the builders TV or computer using mostly analog type. Advantage is easy reading with a more simple look. While the drawback is low, so its accuracy for measurements requiring high-precision digital multimeter should use.

• Digital Multimeter features high accuracy, and usability is more when compared to analog multimeter. I.e. have an extra-additional units more thoroughly, and also a lot more measurement option, not limited to ampere, volt, ohm and only. Digital Multimeter is commonly used in research or work-work measure requiring high accuracy, but now it's a lot as well as workshops and service center computer that uses a digital multimeter. The drawback is difficult to monitor the unstable voltage. So when you perform a voltage measurement bobbing, preferably using an analog multimeter.

 

How To Measure DC Current (VDC) Use A Multimeter

How to measure DC Currents using a Multimeter is as follows:

• Set the Selector in the position of DCA.

• Select a scale measuring limit based on an estimate of the flow to be in check, for example: the flow in check around 100 Ma then position the scale at the boundary measure 250mA or 500 Ma.

• Note correctly limits the maximum current which is able to be measured by a multimeter because if it exceeds the limits of the fuse (fuse) on the multimeter will disconnect and the multimeter while it could not be used and fuse (fuse) should be replaced first.

• The installation of the probe multimeter is not equal to the voltage measurements DC and AC current measurement, because it means we cut off one of the connections the power supply to the load that will be checked arusnya, and then make the multimeter as conduit.

• Connect multimeter probes on the output voltage red () and power supply (-) probe on the input voltage () from the load/circuit to be checked using arusnya.

• Read the results of measurement on the multimeter.

How To Measure AC Voltage (VAC).

Using a Multimeter as it has in the DC voltage measurement, expect the voltage to be measured, place the term on a higher scale. In General only a multimeter can measure the frequency of the sine voltage between 30 Hz-30 KHz. measurement results is the effective voltage (Veff).

Here's how you do a measurement of AC voltage using multimeter:

• Set the Selector in the position of ACV.

•  Select a scale measuring limits based on estimates of the voltage to be in check, if the voltage in check about 12Volt then position the scale at the boundary measure 50V.

• To measure the unknown voltage magnitude then set limits measure at the highest position so that a multimeter is not damaged.

• Connect or attach probe multimeter voltage to the point to be checked. The installation probe multimeter could be reversed.

• Read the results of measurement on the multimeter.

Chapter 4 DIP SWITCHES

Slide type

Rocker type

Rotary type 

The DIP switches are a set of unified switch than some. The DIP switches are designed for use in a pcb (printed circuit board) along with other electronic components. DIP switches are typically used to alter the workings of a search circuits. In addition, the DIP switches can be used to determine the address. DIP switches that are used to specify the address is usually found on the remote control. DIP switches can also be said to be a set of jumpers. Why say so? Due to the circumstances of the DIP switches at the time off is an open circuit, whereas at the moment on is a short circuit. 

There are several kinds of DIP switches, which is often used is the type of slide, type rocker, and rotary type. DIP switch slide type rocker and is frequently used DIP switches. The workings of the DIP switches type rocker and slide together. 

What distinguishes the type of rocker and slide is just the hardware only. Type slide and rocker switch represents every bit, and every bit of this is only found on and off or 0 and 1. Well thus a combination of bits-bits can be considered a binary number. For example, a switch has 8 DIP switches, then the combination we can make is 00000000 to 11111111.

Chapter 3 GROUNDING

Grounding is a system that serves to negate the potential difference so if there is a leak voltage or current will directly dumped into the Earth. The function grounding: Protection from high-voltage electrical installations in the system Grounding a to reduce or avoid harm caused by high-voltage lightning hazards eg. with high voltage

Grounding system serves as a means of drain current of lightning that spread in all directions into the ground. Things to note in the design of grounding system is not the onset voltage hazards step and touch voltage. The other criteria in making a grounding system is rather low price ground resistance but can escape the dangers ahead. In addition, the soil conditions are good for grounding is a wet ground, or swimming, or soil containing granite. Grounding to transmit electrical currents swept up in the electronic equipment that you protect can be made by means of soil on the banks of the Office membor you until the discovery of water depth. Insert plumbing into the hole. In work on drilling the ground to enlist the help of artisan makers of the well bore that has a drill ground. Attach copper wires in the ground, with a specific end copper rod is first plugged in all approximately 1-1.5 meters. Copper rod into hole input until the base of the hole. The rest of the copper wires that still appear at the end of the hole in the ground cable is connected to the ground immediately from your workspace. In order for the end of the cable the ground shake it's good the hole the ground covered with cement, so it just seemed the tip just above copper cable.

Chapter 2 SERIES MOTOR

Motor series is identical in construction to the shunt Motors except for the field. Field connected in series with the armature, therefore, bring current armature entirely. Field series is made up of several round wire with a cross-section large enough to carry the current. Although similar, the kosntruksi property of the motor series is totally different from the motor shunt. In shunt motor, flux Φ per pole is constant on all charges because the shunt field is connected to the circuit. But the series motor, flux per pole and armature currents depending on the load. When the big, big fluxnya arusnya and vice versa.

Although different, the basic principle and calculation remains the same. On the motor that has a current number of series connection past the Dynamo the armature as great as that passes through a coil. If the burden of naikmotor spinning more slowly. If the motor speed is reduced then the magnetic fields are truncated too small, thus further decreasing the EMF occurred. Improvement of the power supply currents in the coil and armature Dynamo during loads. This more current resulting in increased torque. An example of the State is on the starter motor having poling (Dynamo armature pole to touch because it is less straight or ring that is worn out). High current will flow through the coil and Dynamo armature speed because anker dinamo decline and cause EMF fall back.

Emf back reach maximum if maximum speed austere dynamo.Current aspirated catu resources from declining while speeding up, motor because emf happened back against the current catu resources. Back EMF could not be as great as the current EMF. given on the DC motor, so it will be flowing with the EMF is given. Because there are two EMF. who opposed eliminating the back EMF EMF. is given, then the current flow on the Dynamo the armature becomes much less if there is a back EMF. Because EMF back against a given voltage then Dynamo armature resistance will remain small while the Dynamo the armature current is limited to a safe value.

Chapter 1 FIRE PREVENTION

Fire prevention is a very important part of any safety program. The chance of a fire occuring can be greatly reduced by good housekeeping. You should know where your fire extinguishers are located and how to use them. Fire prevention requires segregating the three elements of the fire triangle. In practice, a method to achieve that goal is to post—and enforce—no-smoking signs around flammable liquids and gases and have fire watches on all work involving torch-applied materials of a minimum of two hours after the last torch is turned off. Flammable and Combustible Liquids Proper storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids will help prevent fires from occurring; only approved, closed containers for storage of flammable or combustible liquids may be used under OSHA rules. Such containers include safety cans or containers approved by the U.S. Department of Transportation. A safety can is a container that has a self-closing lid, internal-pressure relief and flame arrestor with a capacity of not more than 5 gallons. Inexpensive, plastic cans without those features previously mentioned, such as those typically bought at hardware stores or gas stations, are not approved for use in roofing operations. However, manufacturers do sell plastic containers that meet the OSHA requirements for safety cans. Flammable liquids that are extremely viscous, or difficult to pour, like single-ply adhesive, can be left in their original shipping containers. Similarly, OSHA allows the use of original containers of flammable liquids that are in quantities of one gallon or less.